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警惕托福閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題兩類迷惑選項(xiàng)

　　我們都知道托�？荚囀�“得聽力者得天下”，其實(shí)這句話還有個(gè)姐妹版，那就是“失閱讀者失天下”——閱讀可以說是托福四單項(xiàng)中最容易拿下高分的部分，因此假如這個(gè)單項(xiàng)童鞋們不能把握好穩(wěn)住高分，想要托�？荚嚹孟赂叻志秃芾щy了。而對于托福閱讀這一單項(xiàng)來說，最重要的題型毫無疑問是題量占比重一半的細(xì)節(jié)題，因此也可以說是“得細(xì)節(jié)者得托福閱讀”。

 

　　對于如此重要的細(xì)節(jié)題，我們除了學(xué)會“正向”了解做題方法之外，更應(yīng)該掌握ETS官方通常是如何設(shè)置錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的，了解這一點(diǎn)將非常有助于我們縮短解題時(shí)間，提高正確率。而在這其中最常見的“設(shè)錯(cuò)”套路便是“虛假比較”。

 

　　首先在提到比較關(guān)系時(shí)，最常見的莫過于A)同級比較關(guān)系：as…as… , same, similar, resemblance,;B) 表示比較級的關(guān)系：more… than…; -er… than; less…than…; decrease, increase 等詞。

 

　　而虛假比較在設(shè)置迷惑選項(xiàng)時(shí)經(jīng)常體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面：

 

　　1. 偷梁換柱：原文中有比較關(guān)系，但是選項(xiàng)中會在保證比較雙方不變的情況下，把比較關(guān)系改變。

 

　　例如： Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.

 

　　According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?

 

　　A. Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.

 

　　B. Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.

 

　　C. The climate was very similar to today’s climate.

 

　　D. The climate did not change dramatically from season to season

 

　　這個(gè)仍然是一道非常典型的細(xì)節(jié)題，問的是白堊紀(jì)晚期的氣候哪個(gè)是正確的?在選項(xiàng)設(shè)置中C選項(xiàng)中有similar 這個(gè)是表示同級比較關(guān)系的詞，比較的雙方分別是白堊紀(jì)晚期的氣候和今天的氣候，用today’s climate定位，我們會在第一句話末尾找到，原文中的比較雙方仍然是兩種氣候，只不過比較關(guān)系變成了milder，變成了比較級的形式，那么這個(gè)選項(xiàng)就屬于我們所說的第二種情況“偷梁換柱”所以該選項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的;但是在這里其實(shí)有很多的童鞋并不覺得這個(gè)選項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的，他們的觀點(diǎn)是：相似并不意味著完全一樣，所以milder并不能駁斥similar。針對這種想法，請大家一定要搞清楚ETS官方的立場是similar就是想強(qiáng)調(diào)相似，而比較級就是想強(qiáng)調(diào)不同，所以如果選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了跟原文不一樣的比較級別的話，那么該選項(xiàng)就一定是錯(cuò)誤的。

 

　　2. 無中生有：即原文中沒有比較關(guān)系，選項(xiàng)中虛構(gòu)比較

 

　　例如：Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington state in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.

 

　　According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?

 

　　A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.

 

　　B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.

 

　　C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.

 

　　D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.

 

　　本題屬于典型的細(xì)節(jié)題，問的是關(guān)于白尾鹿的說法哪個(gè)是正確的?在本題的選項(xiàng)設(shè)置當(dāng)中， B選項(xiàng)中尤為明顯的出現(xiàn)了more…than…比較級的現(xiàn)象，比較的雙方是白尾鹿和長耳鹿之間的關(guān)系以及白尾鹿和其他種類的鹿之間的關(guān)系哪個(gè)更近的問題，而我們根據(jù)mule deer 定位至第二句話，發(fā)現(xiàn)并未說明mule deer 和白尾鹿之間的關(guān)系，也沒有談到兩種關(guān)系之間的比較，因此本選項(xiàng)屬于“虛假比較”中的“無中生有”，所以判斷B選項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。

 

　　“虛假比較”是細(xì)節(jié)題中非常常見的設(shè)錯(cuò)套路，童鞋們?nèi)绻�在選項(xiàng)中看到了表示比較關(guān)系的詞，那么一定要高度警惕，不要被ETS官方給套路進(jìn)去哦。