一直以來(lái),雅思寫作考試的大作文主體段的拓展往往是很多考生在寫作中突顯的最為薄弱的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),其中論證過(guò)程單薄、不充分、沒(méi)有力量,導(dǎo)致論點(diǎn)站不住腳是主要的原因,從而使得整篇文章留下失敗的一筆。川外培訓(xùn)小編稱,議論文說(shuō)到底,最關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)就是讓讀者對(duì)你在文章中所體現(xiàn)的立場(chǎng)認(rèn)同。要做到這一點(diǎn),靠的就是論點(diǎn)和論證。論點(diǎn)要合理、明確,且不要重復(fù),要有層次;論證要做到充分,要有強(qiáng)大的力量把論點(diǎn)支撐起來(lái),讓讀者心服口服,認(rèn)同你的想法。作為海外考試來(lái)說(shuō),考生要做的就是讓考官明確地知道你的想法,并且認(rèn)同你,最終讓他給你一個(gè)合理且滿意的寫作分?jǐn)?shù)。
如何成功地完成主體段落的拓展呢?要勾畫出一個(gè)充實(shí)且具有說(shuō)服力的論證過(guò)程,我們當(dāng)然要使用到一些論證手段,結(jié)合這些論證方法的使用,協(xié)助我們較好地完成相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)最困難的論證過(guò)程。
淺析雅思寫作議論文的論證方法
一、舉例論證法
要更為直觀地反映問(wèn)題,舉例無(wú)疑是最好的選擇,也是最具有說(shuō)服力的。常見(jiàn)的引出實(shí)例的方式:如for example, for instance, as is reported, It is reported that…, 可作為插入語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)使用在句中。實(shí)例也可以分為幾種情況,如下:
1. 應(yīng)用名人實(shí)例,這是大家都知道的事情,容易引起共鳴。如在教育類話題中有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)涉及到中學(xué)生要不要學(xué)歷史,在論證古人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和智慧給我們很多借鑒意義時(shí),就可以引用一些名人的例子。
Charles Darwin, for example, taught us that only the fittest can survive, which is more than ever true in today’s competitive society.
2. 應(yīng)用某些調(diào)查研究結(jié)果,常結(jié)合具體數(shù)據(jù),更能增強(qiáng)真實(shí)性說(shuō)服力。社會(huì)類話題老人問(wèn)題上,要求分析人口老齡化所帶來(lái)的影響,其中談到積極意義時(shí),會(huì)提到老人對(duì)家庭及社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn)。我們可以在兩個(gè)地方找到列數(shù)據(jù)的點(diǎn),一是老人的年齡,二是在有意義的事情上所花的時(shí)間,可以得出論證過(guò)程如下:
As is reported, the average time that the retired within the age group above 65 spend on the family and the community is at its length of about 5 hours per day.
3. 應(yīng)用生活中具有普遍性的現(xiàn)象或有代表性的親身經(jīng)歷。在文化這類較為抽象的話題中,有典型地要求分析文化差異會(huì)帶來(lái)的不同國(guó)家人之間的沖突,可以引用這樣的現(xiàn)象:
A western woman travelling to the Middle East may find it annoying to have to wear headscarf during a journey.
要做到恰當(dāng)合適地使用實(shí)例進(jìn)行論證,要求考生在平時(shí)的準(zhǔn)備過(guò)程中,就要著重對(duì)各大話題常見(jiàn)的考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行典型實(shí)例的收集,最好是比較萬(wàn)能的一些例子,這樣就能充分利用舉例子的優(yōu)勢(shì),在考試中贏得高分。
二、解釋說(shuō)明(拓展影響)法
中心論點(diǎn)表達(dá)一般比較空泛、籠統(tǒng),作為論證,首先就要對(duì)空泛的意思加以具體地解釋,說(shuō)明原因,解釋過(guò)程,闡述影響,這是一種慣用的思維,這里打不開,后面說(shuō)得再多也可能都是白搭。常結(jié)合定語(yǔ)從句,分詞的語(yǔ)法應(yīng)用。我們來(lái)看一個(gè)例子:
By travelling abroad, we have the opportunity to experience different customs, cultures and lifestyles, helping us better understand the whole world.
這個(gè)句子是對(duì)論點(diǎn)出國(guó)旅游有助于我們開拓眼界的論證,采取的就是解釋的方式,目的就是協(xié)助論點(diǎn)表達(dá)得更透徹。
三、因果推理法
這種方法是基于一個(gè)事實(shí)的陳述,推出它可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果,然后一環(huán)扣著一環(huán)往下推,直至目標(biāo)內(nèi)容出現(xiàn),也就是論點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容呈現(xiàn)了。常結(jié)合因果關(guān)系的狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)展開論證,要注意推理邏輯連接詞的應(yīng)用,如as, since, because, therefore, hence, thus, as a consequence, consequently, ……
論證高中生畢業(yè)后先去工作再上大學(xué)的這種作為會(huì)帶來(lái)的不利影響之一——這種方式容易使高中生誤入歧途,論證過(guò)程如下:Since high school students are mentally immature, they are less likely to resist the temptation in the real world. As a result, they are more prone to some social evils, such as theft, drug abuse, and so on. So, they may easily go astray and even commit crime.
四、對(duì)照對(duì)比論證法
拿相同或相反的事物做比較,相同關(guān)系叫對(duì)照(comparison),相反關(guān)系叫對(duì)比(contrast)。此類論證考生需要重點(diǎn)掌握一些對(duì)比對(duì)照關(guān)系的連詞:in contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, likewise, similarly, by the same token。
先看個(gè)例子,如:論證廣告給消費(fèi)者提供及時(shí)信息,幫助他們做決定中論述到:By contrast, without advertising, a consumer is at the risk of purchasing a product that fails to meet all of his or her needs, because of lack of knowledge of better alternatives in the market.這就是從反面著手,闡述如果沒(méi)有廣告,消費(fèi)者會(huì)受到的影響,用反方的劣勢(shì)達(dá)到襯托正方優(yōu)勢(shì)的效果。若想使論點(diǎn)具有說(shuō)服力,可以嘗試尋找對(duì)應(yīng)的參照物相比較,在所選參照物明顯的不足面前,本來(lái)事物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)會(huì)立刻容易被人信服。
再來(lái)分析下對(duì)照的例子:They cite that in the sports world, records are always created when a sportsman is facing tough competitions. They believe that, by the same token, in a classroom where clever minds meet, students can achieve their best due to peer pressure. 拿體育比賽中的情況作對(duì)照,突出分班教學(xué)的必要性。
五、讓步論證法
欲擒故縱的高超寫法,對(duì)考生來(lái)說(shuō)比較陌生,先退一步承認(rèn)一個(gè)與自己觀點(diǎn)相反的事實(shí),再轉(zhuǎn)折給出自己的觀點(diǎn),否定前者。讓步這種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是能較為全面地看待一個(gè)問(wèn)題,而且反駁更能有的放矢。比如舉一個(gè)大家特別熟悉的例子,一個(gè)男生向女生表白時(shí)被拒絕,女生會(huì)很委婉地表示,先肯定男生有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn),但最終會(huì)表示自己并不喜歡他,他不是她喜歡的類型。這種方式一方面不會(huì)傷害到男孩的自尊,同時(shí)也鮮明地表達(dá)了自己的想法。在這種論證中,常見(jiàn)句型如下:although / though / in spite of the fact that…; as is granted / admittedly…; opponents would argue that…
用以下例子加以說(shuō)明:
1. As is granted, saving money offers people a sense of security in case of emergency. However, people tend to believe that wise investment can get more profits.
2. Opponents would argue that some of the violence shown on TV is the true portrayal of what is happening around us and people have the right to know it. Although this is undoubtedly true, it also means that people who see them a lot may gradually develop a sense of insecurity and mistrust as they are forced to believe they are living in a dangerous world.
很明顯,我們?cè)趯懽鞯恼撟C過(guò)程中,對(duì)以上五種方法可以靈活地加以結(jié)合使用,不斷地積累相關(guān)實(shí)例,不斷地練習(xí)這些思維,在論證中做到游刃有余,充分的論證無(wú)疑是考生的加分點(diǎn)。希望以上的方法能為各位考生提供一些幫助。
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