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　　說到因果關(guān)系詞，絕大部分的考生都不會陌生，也都能說三到五個有關(guān)的關(guān)系詞，如：because、so、since、result from、due to、therefore、as a consequence，但是這些邏輯關(guān)系如何在托福閱讀中幫助我們解題的，今天就協(xié)助大家一一攻克。

　　首先，因果關(guān)系詞，其實有兩類，一個是表示原因的：as、since、thanks to、as result of、because of、owing to、result from、due to、on account of、by virtue of、in that、attribute to;另一個是表示結(jié)果的：as a consequence、thus、hence、so、as a result、result in、contribute to、lead to、cause、breed、trigger

　　緊接著，我們來看托福閱讀的句子簡化題。這道題要求考生快速地把文章段落中打上陰影的一個長難句簡化成一個意思不變的同義句。發(fā)現(xiàn)一個規(guī)律，那就是：原句的核心信息在正確選項中一定被同義改寫了，但是句子中的重要的邏輯關(guān)系是不會變的。知道這個規(guī)律，解開這道題就變得簡單了。

　　下面，我們來看TPO3 Desertification這篇文章的句子簡化題：

　　The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

　　A Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

　　B Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

　　C The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

　　D Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

　　很多托福考生在做句子簡化題時，習慣性地把待簡化的句子翻譯成中文，那樣做其實不僅慢，而且很容易亂。

　　正確的做法是：

　　1. 找出句子的主謂賓，也就是誰做了什么，然后關(guān)注句子的邏輯關(guān)系。例題的主語是：seriousness of desertification，邏輯關(guān)系詞是表示原因的：result from，所以我們可以優(yōu)先看有表示原因的選項，他們中若有正確答案，那么剩下的選項就無需過問了。這樣做不僅快，而且效率高。我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)：A選項中有because;B選項中有because of;所以我們先看這兩個選項。

　　2. 我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)原因用as well as相連，說明是兩個原因，一個是影響land和people，一個是reverse和slow the process很難。A選項正確表達了句意，而B選項把原文中并列的兩個原因變成了因果關(guān)系，很明顯是錯的。

　　下面再帶領(lǐng)大家看一道托福閱讀最難的題型：推斷題，我們好好分析一下因果關(guān)系詞在托福閱讀中是怎么運用的。

　　Paragraph 4: So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.

　　Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Kramer’s reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty?

　　A He believed the birds would eat food from only one box.

　　B He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds' ability to navigate toward the box with food.

　　C He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this would distract the birds from following their migratory route.

　　D He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food at any particular point of the compass.

　　首先，我們來明確一下推斷的定義(infer, imply, indicate)，縱使它是推斷題，也不是意味著這題是主觀臆斷，臆想或是聯(lián)想得出的。這道題也是要通過提取題干中的關(guān)鍵詞到文章中的明確位置，然后文中沒有平鋪直敘地告訴你答案，需要我們根據(jù)一些線索找到答案。

　　接下來我們來看一下這道題，題干中出現(xiàn)Kramer, filling one food box and leaving the rest empty定位在第四段第一句：with food in only one of the boxes，而解開這道題的重點就在于：reason。我們看到第一句話一開始說到，so, in another set of experiments，很明顯，答案并不在這一段，而是上一段的最后。所以答案是B。

　　最后，來分析一道句子插入題。句子插入題解題核心就在于要把待插入句子放在方框內(nèi)，使得它能和上下文銜接得當。

　　如何做到上下文銜接得當?其一：句意。其二：邏輯。如果待插入句子中出現(xiàn)代詞加名詞短語，我們一定在原文中找到這個代詞的指代;如果文中只有一處合適，答案就是那句話的后面;如果有兩處以上符合，那么我們就觀察一下這句話中有沒有邏輯關(guān)系詞，我們一定要確定這句話和上文邏輯關(guān)系正確。

　　Paragraph 6: ■Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. ■Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. ■In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. ■They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.

　　Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

　　Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.

　　Where would the sentence best fit?

　　待插入句子中出現(xiàn)名詞：tuna，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這段就是圍繞tuna來寫的，所以考慮邏輯關(guān)系詞：consequently，表明上文提到了原因，下文應該是吞拿魚不吸水的后果。我們在第二個方框后看到accordingly，這個詞也是表示結(jié)果，后面說到“它們丟失了大部分用于吸水的肌肉”，所以這道題很好做了，邏輯簡單，肯定是不吸水在先，然后才會丟失肌肉，所以答案是B。